The Arete Fellowship Syllabus
What this fellowship involves
Each week of the fellowship is made up of Core Materials and an Exercise, which fellows are expected to complete in advance of attending the weekly meeting. Typically, the core materials and the exercise together should take around 1 – 2 hours.
We expect fellows to complete this core reading in advance to help get the most out of the fellowship and to give a better experience to your peers. The exercises are designed to help you put the concepts from the reading into practice and should be helpful for making career and impact decisions. Beyond the required reading, there are more materials each week in Recommended Materials — these are all optional and explore the themes of the week in more depth and breadth.
Approximate reading times are given for each of the core materials. Generally, we prefer that you to take your time and think through the readings instead of rushing through them.
How we hope you will approach the fellowship
Take ideas seriously. Often, conversations about ideas are like recreational diversions: we enjoy batting around interesting thoughts and saying smart things, and then we go back to doing whatever we were already doing in our lives. This is a fine thing to do — but at least sometimes, we think we should be asking ourselves questions like:
“How could I tell if this idea was true?”
“If it is true, what does that imply I should be doing differently in my life? What else does it imply I’m wrong about?”
And, zooming out:
“Where are my blind spots?”
“Which important questions should I be thinking about that I’m not?”
Taking ideas seriously means wanting to make our worldviews as full and accurate as possible, since we see that having accurate beliefs allows us to make better decisions about things that we care about.
Disagreements are interesting. When thoughtful people with access to the same information reach very different conclusions from each other, we should be curious about why. Often, we tend to be incurious about this simply because it’s so common that we’re used to it. But if, for example, a medical community is divided on whether Treatment A or B does a better job of curing some disease, they should want to get to the bottom of that disagreement, because the right answer matters — lives may be at stake.
Strong opinions, weakly held. Often people abstain from trying to have opinions about things because they think things like “I’m not an expert” or “It’s hard to know for sure.” Instead, during this fellowship, we invite you to be bold enough to venture guesses, expressed clearly enough such that it’s easy for someone else, or evidence about the world, to prove you wrong. In the long run, we hope that you'll become stronger and more engaged thinkers; this seems more important than minimizing your error in the short run.
Reading List
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We are always in triage. I fervently hope that one day we will be able to save everyone. In the meantime, it is irresponsible to pretend that we aren’t making life and death decisions with the allocation of our resources. Pretending there is no choice only makes our decisions worse.
- Holly ElmoreOver the course of Week 1 and 2 we aim to introduce you to the core principles of Effective Altruism. This week, we will investigate what opportunities and obligations we have to help others and come to terms with making tradeoffs.
Core Materials
Introduction and Chapter 1 of Doing Good Better by William MacAskill - 20 min.
“The Value of a Life” by Nate Soares - 15 min.
“We Are in Triage Every Second of Every Day” by Holly Elmore - 5 min.
Recommended Materials
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This week, will focus on tools to quantify and evaluate our efforts to help others, introduce important ideas like expected value reasoning, and investigate differences in the cost-effectiveness of different interventions.
Core Materials
Chapter 2 to 4 of Doing Good Better by William MacAskill- 40 min.
On Caring - 14 min.
Expected Value- 2 min.
Expected Utility - 1 min.
Recommended Materials
Chapters 5-6 of Doing Good Better - 20 min.
One World Now Excerpt (pages 174-178) - 7 mins
Our Criteria for Top Charities - GiveWell and Process for Identifying Top Charities - GiveWell - 20 min.
Hits-based Giving - Open Philanthropy - 45 min.
Model of the Impact of a Career in a Neglected Cause - 10 min.
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The question is not, “can they reason?,” nor “can they talk?,” but, “can they suffer?” Why should the law refuse its protection to any sensitive being?
– Jeremy BenthamDuring Week 3 we will explore who deserves our moral consideration, with a particular focus on farmed animals as a case example.
Core Materials
Moral Progress and Cause X - 3 min.
“Expanding the Circle of Ethics” in The Expanding Circle by Peter Singer (pgs. 111-124) - 20 min.
Dominion (film) minutes 0:00-2:30, 23:30-41:30, and 53:00-1:06:00 - 35 min.
Content Warning: Dominion can be extremely disturbing and includes graphic footage of factory farming. We include it because we think it’s important to really see how broken the world is.
Exercise
This week’s exercises are about doing some personal reflection. There are no right or wrong answers here, instead, this is an opportunity for you to take some time and think about your ethical values and beliefs.Part 1 - A Letter to the Past - 10 min.
Imagine effective altruism had existed at a different point in history. Would the movement have been able to do any good, or would it have been too stuck in the assumptions of the time period?
Would an effective altruist movement in the 1840s U.S. have been abolitionist? If you think such a movement would have failed to stand up against slavery, what do we need to change, now, as a movement, to make sure we’re not getting similarly big things wrong?
Would an effective altruist movement in the 1920s U.S. have been eugenicist? If you think the movement would have embraced a pseudoscientific and deeply harmful movement like the sterilization campaigns of the Progressive era, what habits of mind and thought would have prevented us from doing that, and are we actively employing them?
Imagine someone walked into that 1840s EA group and said, “I think black people are exactly as valuable as white people and it should be illegal to discriminate against them at all,” or someone walked into the 1920s EA group and said, “I think gay rights are really important.” I want us to be a community that wouldn’t have kicked them out.- On “Fringe” Ideas by Kelsey Piper, edited
Imagine someone from the past who lived at a different time and held views characteristic of that time. Also imagine, for the sake of the exercise, that this person is not too different from you - perhaps you would’ve been friends. Unfortunately, most people in the past were complicit in horrible things, such as slavery, sexism, racism, and homophobia, which were even more prevalent in the past than they are now. And, sadly, this historical counterpart is also complicit in some moral tragedy common to their time, perhaps not out of malevolence or ill-will, but merely through indifference or ignorance.
This exercise is to write a letter to this historical friend, arguing that they should expand their moral circle to include a specific group that your present self values. Imagine that they are complicit in owning slaves, or in the oppression of women, people of other races, or sexual minorities.
For the sake of this exercise, imagine your historical counterpart is not malevolent or selfish, they think they are living a normal moral life, but are unaware of where they are going wrong. What could you say to them to make them realize that they’re doing wrong? What evidence are they overlooking that allows them to hold their discriminatory views? You might want to write a few paragraphs or just bullet points, and spend time reflecting on what you write.
Part 2 - A Letter from Your Future Self - 15 min.
Now imagine one day you get a strange letter; it's a letter from your future counterpart, hundreds of years in the future. In the letter, they argue that, just like your past counterpart, you currently are unknowingly and unwittingly committing some moral wrong.
What do you think the letter might say? What issue might be of great moral importance that you are unaware of today?
Again, you might want to write a few paragraphs, and spend some time reflecting on what you write.
Recommended Materials
“All Animals Are Equal” in Animal Liberation by Peter Singer- 25 min.
“What is Sentience?”- 5 min.
“The Possibility of an Ongoing Moral Catastrophe” by Evan G. Williams
“Down on the Factory Farm” (Chapter 3) in Animal Liberation by Peter Singer
Dominion - the remainder of the movie (full movie is 2 hours)
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Core Materials
Superforecasting Book Review - 10 min.
The Update Project by Julia Galef - 3 min.
Anticipated Experiences - 5 min.
Reference Class Forecasting - Explanation and Examples - 3 min.
Understanding Bayes Theorem - 10 min.
Efforts to Improve Accuracy in our Judgements and Forecasts - Open Philanthropy - 10 min.
Why I’m skeptical about unproven causes (and you should be too) - 16 mins.
If you found this post compelling, we recommend also checking out Peter’s follow-upposts as well as the comments in each to see why others did not find these arguments compelling. For instance, Lukas Gloor comments: “The proposed approach seems biased towards short-term impact because of its simple evaluability. It is unclear, for instance, what the long-term impact of AMF or related charities will be. If we make "proven" refer to long-term impact, no cause would fulfil the requirements and it would come down to evaluating the expected utility (long-term) of the "promising" causes [...]”
Exercise
Take this quiz on calibration!
Recommended Materials
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“So if we drop the baton, succumbing to an existential catastrophe, we would fail our ancestors in a multitude of ways. We would fail to achieve the dreams they hoped for; we would betray the trust they placed in us, their heirs; and we would fail in any duty we had to pay forward the work they did for us. To neglect existential risk might thus be to wrong not only the people of the future, but the people of the past.”
- Toby Ord
In Weeks 1 and 2 we discussed attempts to quantify the impact of different interventions. However, most cost-effectiveness analyses can only take into account the short-run effects of the interventions, and struggle to take into account long-run knock-on effects and side effects. This criticism has been made forcefully against early effective altruist attempts to evaluate interventions based on cost-effectiveness.
This week, we will explore a different approach to finding high-impact interventions—longtermism—according to which we should be especially concerned with interventions that positvely influence the long-term course of humanity. We will also discuss the topic of existential risk, which holds particular importance when thinking about the future of humanity.Core Materials
The Precipice, Chapter 2 - 30 min
The Vulnerable World Hypothesis - Future of Humanity Institute - Read up to the start of “Achieving Stabilization” (pg 462) - 20 min.
Introducing Longtermism - 80,000 Hours - 30 min.
Recommended Materials
“Why I Find Longtermism Hard, and What Keeps Me Motivated” by Michelle Hutchinson- 10 min.
“All Possible Views About Humanity's Future Are Wild” by Holden Karnofsky
“Policymaking for Posterity” by Lawrence H. Summers and Richard J. Zeckhauser
“The Case for Strong Longtermism” by Hilary Greaves and William MacAskill
The Precipice, Chapter Chapters 4 and 5 - 1 hour
Open until dangerous: the case for reforming research to reduce global catastrophic risk (Video) - 50 min.
Reducing Global Catastrophic Biological Risks Problem Profile - 80,000 Hours - 60 min.
Some Background on Our Views Regarding Advanced Artificial Intelligence - 40 min.
“The Case for Taking AI Seriously as a Threat to Humanity” by Kelsey Piper- 10 min.
“Policy and Research Ideas to Reduce Existential Risk” by the 80,000 Hours Team- 5 min.
“S-Risks FAQ” by Tobias Baumann- 15 min.
“Common Ground for Longtermists” by Tobias Baumann - 15 min.
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“What’s not to like about charitable giving based on quantitative evidence and aimed at maximum impact? Actually, I have a few misgivings.
First, on individuals and institutions: although greater altruistic feeling and behavior should be an unmitigated good, assigning to individuals and groups the roles typically reserved for societal institutions poses some dangers. We expect local and national law enforcement to fight crime, for instance. We may at first welcome vigilantes but soon discover their actions are fueled by bias, group psychology, and unchecked power. Even worse, they may start eroding society’s trust in public institutions. Why should we pay for police when others protect us?
In the case of philanthropy, the problem isn’t street justice but replacing the government’s role in, say, providing health care. “So what?” one might ask, given the track record of some states. But consider the long-term consequences. When key services we expect from states are taken over by other entities, building trust in the state and developing state capacity in other crucial areas may become harder. Correspondingly, convincing people to engage in politics and oversight of the state also becomes more difficult. In much of the developing world, from Pakistan to Nigeria or Haiti, where state-society relations are already frayed, they may become harder to mend.”
-Daron Acemoglu
This week, we will read and discuss critiques of effective altruism, and criticisms of how some people try to implement it. We are dedicating a week to this because, to whatever extent we are wrong, it would be good to know. Honestly reckoning with strong counterarguments (from both within and outside of the community) can help us avoid confirmation bias and groupthink, and get us a little closer to identifying the most effective ways to do good. Such critiques have led to important changes in what many effective altruists do: for example, many effective altruists now prioritize the long-term future because strong arguments against short-termism were made; another example is that GiveWell polled a sample of its recipients on how they would make moral tradeoffs in response to criticisms that it shouldn’t make moral tradeoffs on behalf of the people its recommended charities benefit.
Core Materials
Read Stop the Robot Apocalypse, and any other two of the following responses to Effective Altruism.
“Disagreeing about What’s Effective Isn’t Disagreeing with Effective Altruism” by Robert Wiblin
Daron Acemoglu: effective altruism might influence what we value.
Rob Reich: for altruists, the best state of affairs places technocrats in charge.
Angus Deaton: in Rwanda, the utilitarian calculus is used against the people.
Paul Brest: if we are not up to doing the most we can, we can still do more.
Jennifer Rubenstein: effective altruism is a movement that excludes poor people.
Larissa MacFarquhar: altruism at a distance need not require choosing logic over empathy.
András Miklós: firms bear more responsibility than individuals to do good.
Leila Janah: creating living-wage jobs for poor people is the best ethical choice.
Catherine Tumber: effective altruism is a counterpart to global market fundamentalism.
Ethical Theories - (3 mins)
Exercise - 10 min.
Over the last few weeks we’ve covered a lot of material. Ethical and moral philosophy foundations of effective altruism, ways of thinking and frameworks for comparing between causes and determining the best way to direct our resources and actions, and some top priority causes using the EA framework.
What are your biggest questions, concerns, and criticisms based on what we’ve discussed so far? These can be about the EA framework/community, specific ideas or causes, anything you’d like!
Please bring them up and discuss them at your next meeting!
Recommended Materials
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One of the main ways in which we can affect the world for the better is through our careers. For this final week, we hope to help you apply the principles of effective altruism to your own life and also critically reflect back on the rest of the program.
Core Materials
A guide to using your career to solve the world's most pressing problems - 80,000 Hours (Only “The Big Picture” section required) - 15 mins
Key Ideas: Our Priority Paths - 15 min.
80,000 Hours Job board - 10 min.
80,000 Hours Newsletter - 1 min.
About Us - Giving What We Can - 1 min.
Recommended Materials
“Effective Altruism as the Most Exciting Cause in the World” by Kaj Sotala- 3 min.
Evidence-based advice on how to be successful in any job - 80,000 Hours - 45 min.
How useful is long-term career planning? - 80,000 Hours - 10 min.
Burnout: What is it and how to treat it - 10 min.
Exercise - 45 min.
People often encounter interesting, important, or otherwise resonant ideas but, for a variety of reasons, don’t end up continuing to explore them. If you found the ideas in this program worthwhile, it’s worth making a plan for pursuing them further and creating accountability for yourself.
One way to do this is to go off and explore important global problems to resolve uncertainties you might have about prioritizing them. For example, you might be interested to know what experts project as the future of factory farming--if and when it might end, and what that might require.
For three potential problems, you might work on with your career, identify a concrete question you could plausibly answer that would help you decide how important it is for you to work on that issue.
Another is to look into concrete career paths. You might look at the 80,000 Hours Five career categories for generating options, select three that seem most interesting for you to explore more, and ask your facilitator or the director of your program if they know people who you might speak with to learn more!
What are three potential career paths you’d be especially excited to learn more about, and why?
Finally, you could get involved with EA at UCLA and get to know other people interested in the principles covered in this program. EA at UCLA runs further programs, including advanced fellowships that go into more detail on what you’ve learned here and career planning workshops that help you chart a course toward a highly-impactful career.
What would you be most excited about EA at UCLA doing in the future? What are you most looking for in a group of people trying to improve the world?
Who should you contact to learn more about EA at UCLA and become more involved? You might ask your facilitator or look on your this very website.
Of course, if after this program you decide that EA is not for you, that’s ok as well. We hope the experience has been fruitful!